This meaning is at the core of folkloristics, the study of folklore. Tradition is initially remembered behavior once it loses its practical purpose, there is no reason for further transmission unless it has been imbued with meaning beyond the initial practicality of the action. By comparison, a common action such as tooth brushing, which is also transmitted within a group, remains a practical hygiene and health issue and does not rise to the level of a group-defining tradition. That meaning can however shift and morph, for example: the Halloween celebration of the 21st century is not the All Hallows' Eve of the Middle Ages, and even gives rise to its own set of urban legends independent of the historical celebration the cleansing rituals of Orthodox Judaism were originally good public health in a land with little water, but now these customs signify for some people identification as an Orthodox Jew.
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Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, and objects for the group, since these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group. In direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within a common social group. "As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, computer programmers". The folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community.
These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, and always in multiple variants. Folklore is no longer considered to be limited to that which is old or obsolete. These now include all "things people make with words (verbal lore), things they make with their hands (material lore), and things they make with their actions (customary lore)". the lore, considered to be folklore artifacts. "Folk is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family." This expanded social definition of folk supports a broader view of the material, i.e.
A more modern definition of folk is a social group that includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor and illiterate peasants. The concept of folk has varied over time. It is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, frequently passed along by word of mouth. The second half of the word, lore, comes from Old English lār 'instruction'. The word folklore, a compound of folk and lore, was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms, who contrived the term as a replacement for the contemporary terminology of "popular antiquities" or "popular literature". A group of performers sharing traditional Serbian folk music on the streets of Belgrade, Serbia. The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics, and it can be explored at undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D. Instead, these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration. Folklore is not something one can typically gain in a formal school curriculum or study in the fine arts. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next. Each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact or traditional cultural expression. Folklore also includes customary lore, taking actions for folk beliefs, the forms and rituals of celebrations such as Christmas and weddings, folk dances and initiation rites. They include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. This includes oral traditions such as tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. A German folk tale, Hansel and Gretel illustration by Arthur Rackham, 1909įolklore is the body of culture shared by a particular group of people it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group.
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